web designers and developers
You may hear web designers and developers say that they specialize in either the frontend or backend of website creation
“Frontend”refers to any aspect of the design process that appears in or relates directly to the browser
The following tasks are commonly considered to be frontend tasks
Graphic design and image production
Interface design
Information design as it pertains to the user’s experience of the site
HTML document and style sheet development
JavaScript
Backend development “Backend”refers to the programs and scripts that work on the server behind the scenes to make web pages dynamic and interactive
The following tasks take place on the backend
Information design as it pertains to how the information is organized on the server
Forms processing y Database programming
Content management systems
Other server-side web applications using PHP, JSP, Ruby, ASP.NET, Java, and other programming languages
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the language used to create web page documents
HTML is not a programming language; it is a markup language, which means it is a system for identifying and describing the various components of a document such as headings, paragraphs, and lists
The best way to learn HTML is to write out some pages by hand, as we will be doing in the exercises in this book. If you end up working in web production, you’ll live and breathe HTML
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
While HTML is used to describe the content in a web page, it is Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) that describe how that content should look. In the web design biz, the way the page looks is known as its presentation. That means fonts, colors, background images, line spacing, page layout, and so on… all controlled with CSS. With the newest version (CSS3), you can even add special effects and basic animation to your page. CSS also provides methods for controlling how documents will be presented in contexts other than the traditional desktop browser, such as in print and or on devices with small screen widths
Although it is possible to publish web pages using HTML alone, you’ll probably want to take on style sheets so you’re not stuck with the browser’s default styles
JavaScript/DOM scripting
JavaScript is a scripting language that is used to add interactivity and behaviors to web pages, including these (just to name a few):
Checking form entries for valid entrie
Swapping out styles for an element or an entire site
Making the browser remember information about the user for the next time she visits
JavaScript is used to manipulate the elements on the web page, the styles applied to them, or even the browser itself. There are other web scripting languages, but JavaScript (also called ECMAScript) is the standard and most ubiquitous
Writing JavaScript is a type of programming, so it may be time-consuming
to learn if you have no prior programming experience. .
Server-side programming
Some simple websites are collections of static HTML documents and image files, but most commercial sites have more advanced functionality such as forms handling, dynamically generated pages, shopping carts, content management systems, databases, and so on. These functions are handled by web applications running on the server. There are a number of programming languages and frameworks (listed in parentheses) that are used to create web applications, including:
PHP (CakePHP, CodeIngniter, Drupal)
Python (Django, TurboGears)
Ruby (Ruby on Rails, Sinatra)
JavaScript (Node.js, Rhino, SpiderMonkey)
Java (Grails, Google Web Toolkit, JavaServer Faces)
ASP.Net (DotNetNuke, ASP.Net MVC)
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