web designers and developers

 

 web designers and developers

You may hear web designers and developers say that they specialize in either the frontend or backend of website creation

 

  “Frontend”refers to any aspect of the design process that appears in or relates directly to the browser

The following tasks are commonly considered to be frontend tasks

 Graphic design and image production 

 Interface design 

 Information design as it pertains to the user’s experience of the site 

 HTML document and style sheet development 

  JavaScript

Backend development “Backend”refers to the programs and scripts that work on the server behind the scenes to make web pages dynamic and interactive

The following tasks take place on the backend

  Information design as it pertains to how the information is organized on the server

 Forms processing y Database programming 

 Content management systems 

Other server-side web applications using PHP, JSP, Ruby, ASP.NET, Java, and other programming languages

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the language used to create web page documents

HTML is not a programming language; it is a markup language, which means it is a system for identifying and describing the various components of a document such as headings, paragraphs, and lists

The best way to learn HTML is to write out some pages by hand, as we will be doing in the exercises in this book. If you end up working in web production, you’ll live and breathe HTML

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

While HTML is used to describe the content in a web page, it is Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) that describe how that content should look. In the web design biz, the way the page looks is known as its presentation. That means fonts, colors, background images, line spacing, page layout, and so on… all controlled with CSS. With the newest version (CSS3), you can even add special effects and basic animation to your page. CSS also provides methods for controlling how documents will be presented in contexts other than the traditional desktop browser, such as in print and or on devices with small screen widths

Although it is possible to publish web pages using HTML alone, you’ll probably want to take on style sheets so you’re not stuck with the browser’s default styles

JavaScript/DOM scripting   

JavaScript is a scripting language that is used to add interactivity and behaviors to web pages, including these (just to name a few):

 Checking form entries for valid entrie

  Swapping out styles for an element or an entire site 

  Making the browser remember information about the user for the next time she visits

JavaScript is used to manipulate the elements on the web page, the styles applied to them, or even the browser itself. There are other web scripting languages, but JavaScript (also called ECMAScript) is the standard and most ubiquitous

Writing JavaScript is a type of programming, so it may be time-consuming to learn if you have no prior programming experience. .

Server-side programming

Some simple websites are collections of static HTML documents and image files, but most commercial sites have more advanced functionality such as forms handling, dynamically generated pages, shopping carts, content management systems, databases, and so on. These functions are handled by web applications running on the server. There are a number of programming languages and frameworks (listed in parentheses) that are used to create web applications, including: 

PHP (CakePHP, CodeIngniter, Drupal) 

  Python (Django, TurboGears) 

 Ruby (Ruby on Rails, Sinatra) 

 JavaScript (Node.js, Rhino, SpiderMonkey)

 Java (Grails, Google Web Toolkit, JavaServer Faces) 

 ASP.Net (DotNetNuke, ASP.Net MVC)

 

 

What is definition and funcation operating system

 

 Operating System (OS)

 

An operating system (OS) is a software program that manages the computer hardware and software resources and provides services for computer programs.

It acts as an interface between the computer hardware and the user

 

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The operating system is responsible for performing a variety of tasks, including

 managing memory, allocating system resources, controlling input and output devices, managing files and folders, and providing security

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Examples of popular operating systems include

  Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS

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These operating systems are designed to run on different types of devices, such as desktop computers, laptops, smartphones, and tablets.

They provide a platform for applications to run on, and they also provide users with a graphical user interface (GUI) for interacting with the system.

Overall, an operating system is a critical component of any computer system, and it is essential for the smooth and efficient operation of the system

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An operating system (OS) is made up of several components that work together to provide services and manage computer hardware and software resources.

Here are some of the main components of an operating system:

1. Kernel: The kernel is the core of the operating system that controls and manages the system's resources, including the CPU, memory, and input/output (I/O) devices

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2. Device drivers: Device drivers are software components that communicate with hardware devices, such as printers, scanners, and keyboards, to enable them to function correctly with the operating system

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3. User interface: The user interface provides a way for users to interact with the operating system and run applications.
4. This can be a command-line interface or a graphical user interface (GUI)

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5. System services: System services are programs that run in the background and provide services to other programs, such as printing, file sharing, and network connectivity

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6. File system: The file system is responsible for managing files and directories on a computer's storage devices, including hard drives and solid-state drives (SSDs)

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7. Security features: Operating systems include several security features, such as access control, user authentication, and encryption, to protect the system and its data from unauthorized access.

Overall, these components work together to provide a platform for applications to run on, manage system resources, and provide a user-friendly interface for interacting with the system